我学中文为了三个月在这个学期在麻州大学安城市。在那三个月，我学到了很多词和新的文法于是明天我需要上我的学期未中文考试。我觉得我学了中文是不怎么样。我想过考试只是我不知道假如我可能做的。我的记住很不好，所以我不知道假如我可能记住生词和文法。我想我开玩笑，可是不开玩笑。自从我开学中文我学到了很多新的词和文法，我要成为翻译者。我激动！
我觉得这是很有意思，可是我上考试以后我打算喝醉酒！我买了酒在酒的店，不是酒吧。
不幸地,星期六以后我没有饭，除了没有饭以外，我都没有钱。我需要我的姐姐给你钱，所以我可能去店和买饭。
Thursday, December 17, 2009
Thursday, December 10, 2009
中文语法的练习
先我写全完的课，再我可能学了很多中文和过我的最后的中文考试。
考试为了中文学习
开学【kāixué】 school opens; term begins.
暑假【shǔjià】 summer vacation (or holidays).
结束【jiéshù】 end; finish; conclude; wind up; close.
各【gè】 each; every; various; different.
年级【niánjí】 grade; year.
坐【zuò】 sit; take a sit; travel by (a plane etc.)
飞机【fēijī】 aircraft; aeroplane; plane.
办【bàn】 do; handle; manage; tackle; attend to; set up; run; buy a fair
amount of; get sth. ready; punish (by law); bring to justice.
注册【zhùcè】 register.
手续【shǒuxù】 procedures; formalities.
新生【xīnshēng】 new-born; newly-born; new life; rebirth; regeneration;
new student.
老生【lǎoshēng】returning student.
搬【bān】 take away; move; remove; apply indiscriminately; copy mechanically.
祖籍【zǔjí】 original family home; ancestral home; the land of one's ancestors.
出生【chūshēng】 be born.
长大【zhǎngdà】 grow up; be brought up.
弓【gōng】 bow; anything bow-shaped; wooden land-measuring dividers; an
old unit of length for measuring land, equal to five Chi (尺); bend; arch;
bow.
长【cháng】 long; length; of long duration; steadily; regularly; strong
point; forte.
校外【xiàowài】 outside school; after school.
校内【xiàonèi】on campus.
方便【fāngbiàn】 convenient; go to the lavatory; have
money to spare or lend.
安全【ānquán】 safe; secure.
省钱【shěngqián】 save money; be economical.
自由【zìyóu】 freedom; liberty; freedom; free; unrestrained.
再说【zàishuō】 put off until some time later; what's more; besides.
不见得【bùjiànde】 not necessarily; not likely.
好处【hǎochù】 good; benefit; advantage; gain; profit.
适应【shìyìng】 suit; adapt; fit.
搬家【bānjiā】 move (house).
离开【líkāi】 leave; depart from; deviate from.
靠【kào】 lean against; lean on; keep to; get near; come up to; near by;
depend on; rely on.
出门【chūmén】 be away from home; go on a journey; go out.
道理【dàoli】 principle, truth, tows and whys; reason, argument, sense.
前边【qiánbian】 in front; ahead; above; preceding.
行李【xínglǐ】 luggage; baggage.
波士顿【bōshìdùn】 Boston.
文法【wénfǎ】 grammar.
The Dynamic Particle 了
The dynamic particle 了expresses that an action has occurred or that a state
has come into existence. It can appear either after a verb or at the end
of a sentence. When 了appears after the a verb, it signals the occurrence
of an action. There is usually a time phrase in the sentence.
1) 昨天晚上我看了一个电影。
I saw a movie last night.
**Lit: Yesterday last night saw one movie. **
2) 去年我妈妈去了一次北京，在那儿住了很长时间。
Last year my mother went to Beijing and stayed there for a long time.
**Lit: Last year my mom went once Beijing, in there stayed very long time.**
3) A. 这本书你看了吗?
A. Did you read this book?
**Lit: This book you saw?**
B. 我看了。
B. Yes, I did. (I read)
**Lit: I saw.**
4) 明天我吃了来看你。
I will come see you tomorrow after dinner.
**Lit: Tomorrow I ate come see you.**
**Breakdown: 吃了 in this sentence implies once the action is completed
(the eating) "tomorrow I will come see you." So in that sense, 吃了in this
sentence is not future tense but is past tense. As once the action is completed
it will be the past, so it is understood that see you is in the future,
once you have eaten (the past). **
Notice that 了is not the equivalent of the past tense. **but it can be**
The action can take place in the future as in (4). If there is an object
after the verb and 了, the object is usually quantified, as in (1) and the
first clause of (2). Under certain circumstances, the object need not be
modified in any way. For example:
a. When the object is followed by another 了:
我给小李打了电话了。
I called Little Li.
**Lit: I gave Little Li hit phoned.**
b. When the object is followed by another clause:
张天明买了机票就回家了。
Zhang Tianming went home right after he bought the plane ticket.
**Lit: Zhang Tianming bought plane ticket right after returned home.**
c. When the object refers to a definite person or thing:
昨天我在学校里看见了王朋。
Yesterday I saw Wang Peng at school.
**Lit: Yesterday, I at school in caught sight of (saw) Wang Peng.**
When 了occurs at the end of a sentence, it usually signifies a new situation,
some kind of change or the occurrence or realization of an event or state.
5) 十月了，天气慢慢冷了。
It's October. The weather is gradually turning cold.
**Lit: It has become October, weather slowly becomes cold. **
所以【suǒyǐ】 so; therefore; as a result.
6) 我原来想今天晚上看电影，可是明天要考试，所以不看了。
I originally planned to go see a movie tonight, but I have an exam tomorrow,
so I won't be going.
**Lit: I originally want today night see movie, but tomorrow want test,
so I did not see. **
7) A. 你昨天做什么了?
A. What did you do yesterday?
**Lit: You yesterday did what?**
B. 我搬家了。
B. I moved.
**Lit: I moved houses.**
Sometimes there isn't a time phrase in the sentence. The time implied is
"just now" or "up until now":
8) A. 你办注册手续了吗?
A. Did you register?
**Lit: You do register processed?**
B. 办了。
B. Yes, I did.
**Lit: Did**
A. 等了多长时间?
A.How long did you wait?
**Lit: Wait much long time?**
B. 人不多，只等了五分钟。
B.There weren't many people. I only waited five minutes.
**Lit: People not many, only waited 5 minutes.**
Sometimes there are two verb phrases in a sentence; the first verb phrase
is followed by a 了. In that case, the actions are consecutive.
9) 他下了飞机就来学校了。
He came to school as soon as he got off the plane.
**Lit: He finish plane right away come school.**
10) 我办了注册手续就去。
I'll go as soon as I'm registered.
**Lit: I finish do register process right away go.**
In example (9) the time of 来 is 下了飞机. i.e. right after he disembarked
from the plane.
In example (10) the time of 去 is 办了注册手续, i.e. immediately after registration.
The 是...的...Construction
When both the speaker and the listener know that an action or event has
occurred and the speaker wants to draw attention to the time, place, manner,
or purpose of the occurrence or to the agent of the action, the 是...的...
construction is used. Although we speak of the 是...的...construction, 是
is in fact optional in such sentences.
1) A: 王先生来了吗?
Did Mr. Wang come?
**Lit: Wang Mr. come?**
B: 来了。
Yes, he did.
**Lit: Came**
A: (是)什么时候来的?
When did he come?
**Lit: (Is) when came?**
B: (是)昨天晚上来的。
Yesterday evening.
**Lit: (Is) yesterday evening came.**
A: (是)跟谁一起来的?
Whom did he come with?
**Lit: (Is) with who together come?**
B: 是跟他姐姐一起来的。
With his older sister.
**Lit: Is with his older sister together come. **
A: 是坐飞机来的还是开车来的?
Did he come by plane or by car?
**Lit: Is by plane come or car come?**
B: 开车来的。
By car.
**Lit: Car come.**
2) 张天明是在波士顿出生的。
Zhang Tianming was born in Boston.
(The question of birthplace presupposes birth.)
3) A: 你是大学生吗?
Are you an undergrad?
B: 不，我是研究生。
No, I am graduate student.
A:你是在那儿上的大学?
Where did you go to college?
B: 在波士顿大学。
Boston University.
To recapitulate, when it is a known fact that an action already took place,
to inquire about or explain the time or place of the action one should use
是...的... instead of 了.
除了...以外/ 还 AND 除了...以外，都
除了...以外...还 is an inclusive pattern. The English equivalent is "beside
or "in addition to."
1) 他除了学中文以外，还学法文 。
(=他学中文，也学法文。)
Besides Chinese, he's also studying French (i.e., He's studying both Chinese
and French.)
2) 我们班除了小王以外，还有小林去过中国。
(=小王和小林都去过中国。)
In our class, besides Little Wang, Little Lin has also been to China.
(Both Little Wang and Little Lin have been to China.)
3) 昨天张天明除了办注册手续以外，还搬了家。
(=昨天张天明办注册手续，搬家。)
Besides getting registered, Zhang Tianming also moved yesterday.
(Zhang Tianming registered and moved yesterday.)
除了...以外，都..., on the other hand, is an exclusive pattern. The English
equivalent is "except for":
1) 除了小可以外，我们班的同学都去过中国。
(=小可没去过中国。)
Except for Little Ke, every student in our class has been to China.
(Little Ke has not been to China.)
2) 除了看书以外，晚上什么事我都愿意做。
(=我晚上不愿意看书。)
I'll do anything except read in the evening.
(I don't like to read in the evening.)
4. 再说
再说 is used to provide additional students.
1) 你别走了，天太晚了，再说我们要说的事还没说完呢。
Please don't go. It's getting late. Besides, we haven't finished discussing
all the things we need to discuss.
2) 我不打算学日文，日文太难，再说对我的工作也没有好处。
I'm not planning on studying Japanese. Japanese is too difficult. Besides
it isn't helpful for my job.
3) 她不应该找那样的人做男朋友，那个不太聪明，再说(他)对她也不好。
She shouldn't be dating someone like him. He is not very bright. Besides,
he is not very nice to her.
而且 also means "besides" or "in addition." But unlike 再说, it is not used
to just explain the reasons for a statement or view. Compare the "not only...
but also..." function of 不但...而且... in the following sentences.
4) 我这个学期不但上英文课，而且还上中文课。
Besides English, I'm also taking Chinese this semester.
5) 我妹妹不但喜欢唱歌，而且也喜欢跳舞。
My younger sister not only likes to sing but also likes to dance.
Note: In examples (1), (2) and (3) 再说 is interchangeable with 而且, but
in examples (4) and (5) 而且 is not interchangeable with 再说。
有的....有的.....
我的同学，有的走路来上学，有的坐公共汽车。。。
觉得 (To Feel)
Example: 有的人喜欢住学校宿舍，觉得方便，安全，有的人喜欢校外，觉得省钱。
1) 大家都说那个电影好看，可是看了以后，我觉得那个电影不好看。
Everyone said that movie was good, but after seeing it I think the movie
was not good.
不见得 (not necessarily)
Example:
1) ...再说，校内也不见得方便。
对...有好处 (Good for...)
Example: 你刚来，在学校住一段时间对你有好处。
1) 学过外语的人都说多听录音对说中文有好处。
2) 少喝酒对健康有好处。
3) 在中国，上过大学，会用电脑，会说外语，会对你的中文有好处。
上过大学 = after beginning college
同屋【tóngwū】 roommate.
前天【qiántiān】 the day before yesterday.
熟悉【shúxī】 know sth. or sb. well; be familiar with; have an intimate
knowledge of.
家具【jiājù】 furniture.
靠【kào】 lean against; lean on; keep to; get near; come up to; near by;
depend on; rely on.
窗户【chuānghù】 window; casement.
摆【bǎi】 put; place; arrange; lay bare; state clearly; put on; assume;
sway; wave; pendulum.
床【chuáng】 bed; sth. shaped like a bed.
被子【bèizǐ】 quilt.
毯子【tǎnzi】 blanket.
衣柜【yīguì】 wardrobe.
挂【guà】 hang; put up; hitch; get caught; ring off; call up;
put sb.through to; be concerned about; be covered with;
be coated with; register (at a hospital, etc).
书架【shūjià】 bookshelf.
空【kōng】 empty; hollow; void; sky; air; for nothing; in vain.
栋【dòng】 ridgepole; .
设备【shèbèi】 equipment; installation; facilities.
旧【jiù】 past; bygone; old; used; worn; former; onetime; old friendship;
old friend.
厕所【cèsuǒ】 lavatory; toilet; W.C..
浴室【yùshì】 bathroom; shower room.
恐怕【kǒngpà】 I'm afraid; perhaps; I think.
餐厅【cāntīng】 dining room; restaurant.
楼下【lóuxià】 downstairs.
商店【shāngdiàn】 shop; store.
日用品【rìyòngpǐn】daily household necessities.
文具【wénjù】 writing material; stationery.
层【céng】 layer; tier; stratum; storey; floor; a component part in a sequence.
台【tái】 platform; stage; terrace; stand; support; anything shaped like
a platform, stage or terrace; table; desk; broadcasting station; a special
telephone service; short for Taiwan Province.
洗衣机【xǐyījī】 washer.
烘干机【hōnggāngjī】 (clothes) dryer.
吵【chǎo】 make a noise; quarrel; wrangle; squabble.
马路【mǎlù】 road; street; avenue.
安静【ānjìng】 quiet; peaceful.
一般【yībān】 same as; just like; general; ordinary; common.
听说【tīngshuō】 be told; hear of.
猜对了【cāiduìle】 guessed correctly.
胃口【wèikǒu】 appetite; liking.
真的【zhēnde】 forsooth; trueborn; verier.
着急【zháojí】 worry; feel anxious.
餐馆【cānguǎn】 restaurant.
地道【dìdao】 from the place noted for the product genuine; pure; typical;
well-done; thorough.
过几天【guòjǐtiān】 in a few days.
带【dài】 belt; girdle; ribbon; band; tape; zone; area; belt; take; bring;
carry; do sth. incidentally; bear; have; having sth. attached; simultaneous;
lead; head; look after.
华盛顿【huáshèngdùn】 Washington (D.C.).
1. Word Order in Chinese (1)
In Chinese, if the predicate is a verb, the structure of a sentence can
be very complex. How to structure the sentence then becomes an important
question. In an isolated sentence the usual word order is: S-V-O: For example:
我买家具了。
I bought (some) furniture.
If the subject or the object is modified by an attribute signifying possession,
quantity, etc., the attributive should precede the object modified. In
the following sentence, the attributives appear in parentheses.
1) (我的)(小)妹妹买了(一张)(很大的)书桌。
(My) (little) sister bought (a) (very big) desk.
2) 我很喜欢(那家商店卖的)衣服。
I like clothes (sold in that store) very much.
卖【mài】 sell; betray; exert to the utmost; mot spare; show off.
买【mǎi】 buy; purchase.
2. Existential Sentences
Existential sentences indicate that something exists at a certain place.
The word order of an existential sentence is somewhat different from that
of the typical Chinese sentence. The structure of existential sentence is
as follows: place word + verb + (着) + numerals + noun. For instance, 桌
子上放着一本书 (There is a book lying on the desk), 门前一把椅子(There is
a chair in front of the door)
语法【yǔfǎ】 grammar.
练习【liànxí】 practise; exercise.
复习【fùxí】 review; revise.
3. 比较 (relatively; rather)
The word 比较 is not the equivalent of the comparative degree in English.
It is not used to make explicit comparisons but instead statements whose
validity is not predicted upon a specific standard. In other words, 比较
cannot be used in "A is more than B" type of constructions where the terms
of comparison are clearly articulated.
1)这把椅子比较贵，你别买了。
This chair is rather expensive, don't buy it.
很得 (very)
1) 今天来注册的新生多得很，我们明天再注册吧。
There are too many freshmen registering today. Let's do it tomorrow.
那(么)
那(么) connects two sentences. The second sentence denotes a conclusion
or judgement deriving from the preceding sentence. One can simply say 那
instead of 那(么).
A: 晚上去买洗衣机，好吗?
Shall we go shopping for a washing machine tonight?
B: 可是今天晚上我没有空儿。
But I don't have time tonight.
A: 那(么)就明天吧。
Tomorrow, then.
恐怕 (I'm afraid; I think perhaps)
1) 这儿没空调，恐怕夏天很热吧?
There's no air conditioning here. It's probably very hot in the summer.
Is that right?
一般 (generally speaking)
我还听说学校餐厅的饭一般都不太好。
I still hear that the school's food is generally not very good.
差不多(about; roughly)
教室一这儿不远，走路差不多五，六分钟。
Classroom is not close to here, the road roughly takes 5 or 6 minutes.
听说(hear; hear of)
听说这东楼设备比较旧，厕所，浴室也比较小。
I hear that the facilities here are relatively old, restaurants, bathroom
as well are small.
不怎么样 (not that great; just so-so)
餐厅的饭真的不怎么样。
The cafeteria's food is truly not that great.
考试为了中文学习
第一课
生词和英文的意思
生词和英文的意思
开学【kāixué】 school opens; term begins.
暑假【shǔjià】 summer vacation (or holidays).
结束【jiéshù】 end; finish; conclude; wind up; close.
各【gè】 each; every; various; different.
年级【niánjí】 grade; year.
坐【zuò】 sit; take a sit; travel by (a plane etc.)
飞机【fēijī】 aircraft; aeroplane; plane.
办【bàn】 do; handle; manage; tackle; attend to; set up; run; buy a fair
amount of; get sth. ready; punish (by law); bring to justice.
注册【zhùcè】 register.
手续【shǒuxù】 procedures; formalities.
新生【xīnshēng】 new-born; newly-born; new life; rebirth; regeneration;
new student.
老生【lǎoshēng】returning student.
搬【bān】 take away; move; remove; apply indiscriminately; copy mechanically.
祖籍【zǔjí】 original family home; ancestral home; the land of one's ancestors.
出生【chūshēng】 be born.
长大【zhǎngdà】 grow up; be brought up.
弓【gōng】 bow; anything bow-shaped; wooden land-measuring dividers; an
old unit of length for measuring land, equal to five Chi (尺); bend; arch;
bow.
长【cháng】 long; length; of long duration; steadily; regularly; strong
point; forte.
校外【xiàowài】 outside school; after school.
校内【xiàonèi】on campus.
方便【fāngbiàn】 convenient;
money to spare or lend.
安全【ānquán】 safe; secure.
省钱【shěngqián】 save money; be economical.
自由【zìyóu】 freedom; liberty;
再说【zàishuō】 put off until some time later;
不见得【bùjiànde】 not necessarily; not likely.
好处【hǎochù】 good; benefit; advantage; gain; profit.
适应【shìyìng】 suit; adapt; fit.
搬家【bānjiā】 move (house).
离开【líkāi】 leave; depart from; deviate from.
靠【kào】 lean against; lean on; keep to; get near; come up to; near by;
depend on; rely on.
出门【chūmén】 be away from home; go on a journey; go out.
道理【dàoli】 principle, truth, tows and whys; reason, argument, sense.
前边【qiánbian】 in front; ahead; above; preceding.
行李【xínglǐ】 luggage; baggage.
波士顿【bōshìdùn】 Boston.
文法【wénfǎ】 grammar.
The Dynamic Particle 了
The dynamic particle 了expresses that an action has occurred or that a state
has come into existence. It can appear either after a verb or at the end
of a sentence. When 了appears after the a verb, it signals the occurrence
of an action. There is usually a time phrase in the sentence.
1) 昨天晚上我看了一个电影。
I saw a movie last night.
**Lit: Yesterday last night saw one movie. **
2) 去年我妈妈去了一次北京，在那儿住了很长时间。
Last year my mother went to Beijing and stayed there for a long time.
**Lit: Last year my mom went once Beijing, in there stayed very long time.**
3) A. 这本书你看了吗?
A. Did you read this book?
**Lit: This book you saw?**
B. 我看了。
B. Yes, I did. (I read)
**Lit: I saw.**
4) 明天我吃了来看你。
I will come see you tomorrow after dinner.
**Lit: Tomorrow I ate come see you.**
**Breakdown: 吃了 in this sentence implies once the action is completed
(the eating) "tomorrow I will come see you." So in that sense, 吃了in this
sentence is not future tense but is past tense. As once the action is completed
it will be the past, so it is understood that see you is in the future,
once you have eaten (the past). **
Notice that 了is not the equivalent of the past tense. **but it can be**
The action can take place in the future as in (4). If there is an object
after the verb and 了, the object is usually quantified, as in (1) and the
first clause of (2). Under certain circumstances, the object need not be
modified in any way. For example:
a. When the object is followed by another 了:
我给小李打了电话了。
I called Little Li.
**Lit: I gave Little Li hit phoned.**
b. When the object is followed by another clause:
张天明买了机票就回家了。
Zhang Tianming went home right after he bought the plane ticket.
**Lit: Zhang Tianming bought plane ticket right after returned home.**
c. When the object refers to a definite person or thing:
昨天我在学校里看见了王朋。
Yesterday I saw Wang Peng at school.
**Lit: Yesterday, I at school in caught sight of (saw) Wang Peng.**
When 了occurs at the end of a sentence, it usually signifies a new situation,
some kind of change or the occurrence or realization of an event or state.
5) 十月了，天气慢慢冷了。
It's October. The weather is gradually turning cold.
**Lit: It has become October, weather slowly becomes cold. **
所以【suǒyǐ】
6) 我原来想今天晚上看电影，可是明天要考试，所以不看了。
I originally planned to go see a movie tonight, but I have an exam tomorrow,
so I won't be going.
**Lit: I originally want today night see movie, but tomorrow want test,
so I did not see. **
7) A. 你昨天做什么了?
A. What did you do yesterday?
**Lit: You yesterday did what?**
B. 我搬家了。
B. I moved.
**Lit: I moved houses.**
Sometimes there isn't a time phrase in the sentence. The time implied is
"just now" or "up until now":
8) A. 你办注册手续了吗?
A. Did you register?
**Lit: You do register processed?**
B. 办了。
B. Yes, I did.
**Lit: Did**
A. 等了多长时间?
A.How long did you wait?
**Lit: Wait much long time?**
B. 人不多，只等了五分钟。
B.There weren't many people. I only waited five minutes.
**Lit: People not many, only waited 5 minutes.**
Sometimes there are two verb phrases in a sentence; the first verb phrase
is followed by a 了. In that case, the actions are consecutive.
9) 他下了飞机就来学校了。
He came to school as soon as he got off the plane.
**Lit: He finish plane right away come school.**
10) 我办了注册手续就去。
I'll go as soon as I'm registered.
**Lit: I finish do register process right away go.**
In example (9) the time of 来 is 下了飞机. i.e. right after he disembarked
from the plane.
In example (10) the time of 去 is 办了注册手续, i.e. immediately after registration.
The 是...的...Construction
When both the speaker and the listener know that an action or event has
occurred and the speaker wants to draw attention to the time, place, manner,
or purpose of the occurrence or to the agent of the action, the 是...的...
construction is used. Although we speak of the 是...的...construction, 是
is in fact optional in such sentences.
1) A: 王先生来了吗?
Did Mr. Wang come?
**Lit: Wang Mr. come?**
B: 来了。
Yes, he did.
**Lit: Came**
A: (是)什么时候来的?
When did he come?
**Lit: (Is) when came?**
B: (是)昨天晚上来的。
Yesterday evening.
**Lit: (Is) yesterday evening came.**
A: (是)跟谁一起来的?
Whom did he come with?
**Lit: (Is) with who together come?**
B: 是跟他姐姐一起来的。
With his older sister.
**Lit: Is with his older sister together come. **
A: 是坐飞机来的还是开车来的?
Did he come by plane or by car?
**Lit: Is by plane come or car come?**
B: 开车来的。
By car.
**Lit: Car come.**
2) 张天明是在波士顿出生的。
Zhang Tianming was born in Boston.
(The question of birthplace presupposes birth.)
3) A: 你是大学生吗?
Are you an undergrad?
B: 不，我是研究生。
No, I am graduate student.
A:你是在那儿上的大学?
Where did you go to college?
B: 在波士顿大学。
Boston University.
To recapitulate, when it is a known fact that an action already took place,
to inquire about or explain the time or place of the action one should use
是...的... instead of 了.
除了...以外/ 还 AND 除了...以外，都
除了...以外...还 is an inclusive pattern. The English equivalent is "beside
or "in addition to."
1) 他除了学中文以外，还学法文 。
(=他学中文，也学法文。)
Besides Chinese, he's also studying French (i.e., He's studying both Chinese
and French.)
2) 我们班除了小王以外，还有小林去过中国。
(=小王和小林都去过中国。)
In our class, besides Little Wang, Little Lin has also been to China.
(Both Little Wang and Little Lin have been to China.)
3) 昨天张天明除了办注册手续以外，还搬了家。
(=昨天张天明办注册手续，搬家。)
Besides getting registered, Zhang Tianming also moved yesterday.
(Zhang Tianming registered and moved yesterday.)
除了...以外，都..., on the other hand, is an exclusive pattern. The English
equivalent is "except for":
1) 除了小可以外，我们班的同学都去过中国。
(=小可没去过中国。)
Except for Little Ke, every student in our class has been to China.
(Little Ke has not been to China.)
2) 除了看书以外，晚上什么事我都愿意做。
(=我晚上不愿意看书。)
I'll do anything except read in the evening.
(I don't like to read in the evening.)
4. 再说
再说 is used to provide additional students.
1) 你别走了，天太晚了，再说我们要说的事还没说完呢。
Please don't go. It's getting late. Besides, we haven't finished discussing
all the things we need to discuss.
2) 我不打算学日文，日文太难，再说对我的工作也没有好处。
I'm not planning on studying Japanese. Japanese is too difficult. Besides
it isn't helpful for my job.
3) 她不应该找那样的人做男朋友，那个不太聪明，再说(他)对她也不好。
She shouldn't be dating someone like him. He is not very bright. Besides,
he is not very nice to her.
而且 also means "besides" or "in addition." But unlike 再说, it is not used
to just explain the reasons for a statement or view. Compare the "not only...
but also..." function of 不但...而且... in the following sentences.
4) 我这个学期不但上英文课，而且还上中文课。
Besides English, I'm also taking Chinese this semester.
5) 我妹妹不但喜欢唱歌，而且也喜欢跳舞。
My younger sister not only likes to sing but also likes to dance.
Note: In examples (1), (2) and (3) 再说 is interchangeable with 而且, but
in examples (4) and (5) 而且 is not interchangeable with 再说。
有的....有的.....
我的同学，有的走路来上学，有的坐公共汽车。。。
觉得 (To Feel)
Example: 有的人喜欢住学校宿舍，觉得方便，安全，有的人喜欢校外，觉得省钱。
1) 大家都说那个电影好看，可是看了以后，我觉得那个电影不好看。
Everyone said that movie was good, but after seeing it I think the movie
was not good.
不见得 (not necessarily)
Example:
1) ...再说，校内也不见得方便。
对...有好处 (Good for...)
Example: 你刚来，在学校住一段时间对你有好处。
1) 学过外语的人都说多听录音对说中文有好处。
2) 少喝酒对健康有好处。
3) 在中国，上过大学，会用电脑，会说外语，会对你的中文有好处。
上过大学 = after beginning college
同屋【tóngwū】 roommate.
前天【qiántiān】 the day before yesterday.
熟悉【shúxī】 know sth. or sb. well; be familiar with; have an intimate
knowledge of.
家具【jiājù】 furniture.
靠【kào】 lean against; lean on; keep to; get near; come up to; near by;
depend on; rely on.
窗户【chuānghù】 window; casement.
摆【bǎi】 put; place; arrange; lay bare; state clearly; put on; assume;
sway; wave;
床【chuáng】 bed; sth. shaped like a bed.
被子【bèizǐ】 quilt.
毯子【tǎnzi】 blanket.
衣柜【yīguì】 wardrobe.
挂【guà】 hang; put up; hitch; get caught; ring off;
put sb.through to;
be coated with; register (at a hospital, etc).
书架【shūjià】 bookshelf.
空【kōng】 empty; hollow; void; sky; air; for nothing; in vain.
栋【dòng】
设备【shèbèi】 equipment; installation; facilities.
旧【jiù】 past; bygone; old; used; worn; former; onetime; old friendship;
old friend.
厕所【cèsuǒ】 lavatory; toilet; W.C..
浴室【yùshì】 bathroom; shower room.
恐怕【kǒngpà】
餐厅【cāntīng】 dining room; restaurant.
楼下【lóuxià】 downstairs.
商店【shāngdiàn】 shop; store.
日用品【rìyòngpǐn】daily household necessities.
文具【wénjù】 writing material; stationery.
层【céng】 layer; tier; stratum; storey; floor; a component part in a sequence.
台【tái】 platform; stage; terrace; stand; support; anything shaped like
a platform, stage or terrace; table; desk; broadcasting station; a special
telephone service; short for Taiwan Province.
洗衣机【xǐyījī】 washer.
烘干机【hōnggāngjī】 (clothes) dryer.
吵【chǎo】 make a noise; quarrel; wrangle; squabble.
马路【mǎlù】 road; street; avenue.
安静【ānjìng】 quiet; peaceful.
一般【yībān】 same as; just like; general; ordinary; common.
听说【tīngshuō】 be told; hear of.
猜对了【cāiduìle】 guessed correctly.
胃口【wèikǒu】 appetite; liking.
真的【zhēnde】 forsooth; trueborn; verier.
着急【zháojí】 worry; feel anxious.
餐馆【cānguǎn】 restaurant.
地道【dìdao】 from the place noted for the product genuine; pure; typical;
well-done; thorough.
过几天【guòjǐtiān】 in a few days.
带【dài】 belt; girdle; ribbon; band; tape; zone; area; belt; take; bring;
carry; do sth. incidentally; bear; have; having sth. attached; simultaneous;
lead; head; look after.
华盛顿【huáshèngdùn】 Washington (D.C.).
1. Word Order in Chinese (1)
In Chinese, if the predicate is a verb, the structure of a sentence can
be very complex. How to structure the sentence then becomes an important
question. In an isolated sentence the usual word order is: S-V-O: For example:
我买家具了。
I bought (some) furniture.
If the subject or the object is modified by an attribute signifying possession,
quantity, etc., the attributive should precede the object modified. In
the following sentence, the attributives appear in parentheses.
1) (我的)(小)妹妹买了(一张)(很大的)书桌。
(My) (little) sister bought (a) (very big) desk.
2) 我很喜欢(那家商店卖的)衣服。
I like clothes (sold in that store) very much.
卖【mài】 sell; betray; exert to the utmost; mot spare; show off.
买【mǎi】 buy; purchase.
2. Existential Sentences
Existential sentences indicate that something exists at a certain place.
The word order of an existential sentence is somewhat different from that
of the typical Chinese sentence. The structure of existential sentence is
as follows: place word + verb + (着) + numerals + noun. For instance, 桌
子上放着一本书 (There is a book lying on the desk), 门前一把椅子(There is
a chair in front of the door)
语法【yǔfǎ】 grammar.
练习【liànxí】 practise; exercise.
复习【fùxí】 review; revise.
3. 比较 (relatively; rather)
The word 比较 is not the equivalent of the comparative degree in English.
It is not used to make explicit comparisons but instead statements whose
validity is not predicted upon a specific standard. In other words, 比较
cannot be used in "A is more than B" type of constructions where the terms
of comparison are clearly articulated.
1)这把椅子比较贵，你别买了。
This chair is rather expensive, don't buy it.
很得 (very)
1) 今天来注册的新生多得很，我们明天再注册吧。
There are too many freshmen registering today. Let's do it tomorrow.
那(么)
那(么) connects two sentences. The second sentence denotes a conclusion
or judgement deriving from the preceding sentence. One can simply say 那
instead of 那(么).
A: 晚上去买洗衣机，好吗?
Shall we go shopping for a washing machine tonight?
B: 可是今天晚上我没有空儿。
But I don't have time tonight.
A: 那(么)就明天吧。
Tomorrow, then.
恐怕 (I'm afraid; I think perhaps)
1) 这儿没空调，恐怕夏天很热吧?
There's no air conditioning here. It's probably very hot in the summer.
Is that right?
一般 (generally speaking)
我还听说学校餐厅的饭一般都不太好。
I still hear that the school's food is generally not very good.
差不多(about; roughly)
教室一这儿不远，走路差不多五，六分钟。
Classroom is not close to here, the road roughly takes 5 or 6 minutes.
听说(hear; hear of)
听说这东楼设备比较旧，厕所，浴室也比较小。
I hear that the facilities here are relatively old, restaurants, bathroom
as well are small.
不怎么样 (not that great; just so-so)
餐厅的饭真的不怎么样。
The cafeteria's food is truly not that great.
Saturday, October 24, 2009
你住在哪儿？校内还是校外？你什么觉得？
我住在校内，因为有多好处。有方便和安全，再说很附近我的课。
我平常到哪儿买日用品？怎么去？
我没有前，平常，虽然有钱的时候我到walmart在走路。
你的房间怎么样？有什么家具？
我觉得我的的房间是马马虎虎。有家具是我的床和书桌和衣柜。除了那个家具以外，我的房间没有其他家具。
我平常到哪儿买日用品？怎么去？
我没有前，平常，虽然有钱的时候我到walmart在走路。
你的房间怎么样？有什么家具？
我觉得我的的房间是马马虎虎。有家具是我的床和书桌和衣柜。除了那个家具以外，我的房间没有其他家具。
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
第三/四课的练习
我只好学习为我的中文考试。
我吃一顿饭。
这个周末我有很多功课，所以不可以去中国城。
正好，我也有中文的考试，明天。
我的门口很小。
我需要接一些东西。
在一刻钟我需要吃一顿饭。
原来，我很高兴，现在我不高兴，真的。
她长得很漂亮。
我跟他常常吸烟。
我是那家餐馆的常客。
我拿手学到语言，特别是东亚的语言。
我不喜蒸清欢鱼。
我喜欢菜有很好的味道，可是不喜欢芥兰。
我觉得牛肉有很好吃，特别是有健康很好处和是嫩的时间。
叫菜的时间我喜欢香汤，菠菜，豆腐等等不喜欢。
我吃一顿饭。
这个周末我有很多功课，所以不可以去中国城。
正好，我也有中文的考试，明天。
我的门口很小。
我需要接一些东西。
在一刻钟我需要吃一顿饭。
原来，我很高兴，现在我不高兴，真的。
她长得很漂亮。
我跟他常常吸烟。
我是那家餐馆的常客。
我拿手学到语言，特别是东亚的语言。
我不喜蒸清欢鱼。
我喜欢菜有很好的味道，可是不喜欢芥兰。
我觉得牛肉有很好吃，特别是有健康很好处和是嫩的时间。
叫菜的时间我喜欢香汤，菠菜，豆腐等等不喜欢。
Thursday, October 8, 2009
我想起来我需要买东西。。。真的！！
我妈妈给了我一点儿钱，可是不满了。现在我没有钱以及我需要去买了东西。特别是我需要买衣服和裤子。我不需要名牌衣服，我要买便宜衣服。现在有牙膏和香皂和卫生纸和浴巾等等。我需要去购物中心。
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
第一/二课， 生词和语法
暑假结束了。我知道学校开学了。我的同学（和同学校的学生）都从各地方回到了学校。我是三年级，我家在奥斯顿城的德克萨斯州，离这里很远 (is very far from here)。我是自己一个人坐飞机来的。
我来到了Thatcher语言房子的宿舍。早先几个星期我办了注册手续。我也搬家在语言房子。我祖籍是爱尔兰(Ireland)。我是的克萨斯州在出生和长大的。我的宿舍是校内，可是我打算搬家校外，下个学期。住在校内是方便得很也安。我可以省钱不是觉得没有自由，再说不可以喝多多酒在宿舍，虽然不好处。我已经适应大学生活。某天我离开麻州大学和回去日本和可能中国。不幸地，我现在靠别人帮助。特别，我的妈妈，因为没有钱，因为那么我不可能常常出门。有道理。
我有一点儿行李。我知道，知道我说很多的古怪词。对不起。我实践写汉语。我也要用"The Dynamic Particle 了"
例如:
问题：这本书你看了吗？
回答： 看了。
明天我吃了饭来看你。
I will come see you tomorrow after dinner.
LIT: Tomorrow I ate food come see you.
我给小李打了电话了。
I called Little Li.
LIT: I gave Little Li hit called.
虽然，“了” is used 1）when an action is completed, 2) an action is occuring 3) to form past tense 4) to state a change in an action.
S + V + 了 + O (+ 了）.
我来到了Thatcher语言房子的宿舍。早先几个星期我办了注册手续。我也搬家在语言房子。我祖籍是爱尔兰(Ireland)。我是的克萨斯州在出生和长大的。我的宿舍是校内，可是我打算搬家校外，下个学期。住在校内是方便得很也安。我可以省钱不是觉得没有自由，再说不可以喝多多酒在宿舍，虽然不好处。我已经适应大学生活。某天我离开麻州大学和回去日本和可能中国。不幸地，我现在靠别人帮助。特别，我的妈妈，因为没有钱，因为那么我不可能常常出门。有道理。
我有一点儿行李。我知道，知道我说很多的古怪词。对不起。我实践写汉语。我也要用"The Dynamic Particle 了"
例如:
问题：这本书你看了吗？
回答： 看了。
明天我吃了饭来看你。
I will come see you tomorrow after dinner.
LIT: Tomorrow I ate food come see you.
我给小李打了电话了。
I called Little Li.
LIT: I gave Little Li hit called.
虽然，“了” is used 1）when an action is completed, 2) an action is occuring 3) to form past tense 4) to state a change in an action.
S + V + 了 + O (+ 了）.
Sunday, September 27, 2009
我除了学中文以外，还学日文。（文法练习）
今天我吃了饭去学中文。
是谁一起学的？
是同学生一起学的。
是什么时候学的?
是两点学的。
我学习中文和日文=我除了学中文以外，还学日文，再说日文有意思得很。
我比较喜欢学习日文，可是我也为翻译人。
是谁一起学的？
是同学生一起学的。
是什么时候学的?
是两点学的。
我学习中文和日文=我除了学中文以外，还学日文，再说日文有意思得很。
我比较喜欢学习日文，可是我也为翻译人。
Saturday, September 12, 2009
我住在校内的宿 - 开学
我学习了汉语在大学。学校是开学。我除了学习中文/汉语以外，还学习日文/日语。我学习很多多生词里上课。我会一点儿说汉语。昨年我住在了校外。住在校外有好处，也有自由，也安全。你可以省钱。现在我看课本/书除了学习。某天，我汉语是成为很好。我要帮助可是我可以成为很好自己，我觉得了。再说，我很喜欢学习东亚的语言。汉语/日语觉得了不难。
Tuesday, July 21, 2009
生词练习
今,天我要写生词。
Random
清 Please
谢谢 Thank You
对不起 I'm sorry, pardon me, forgive me.
没关系 It doesn't matter
再见 goodbye
什么 what
为什么 why
你好吗 how are you?
好吧 fine
谁 who
哪儿 where
是/对 yes/correct
不 no
我会说一点儿汉语 I can speak a little Chinese
不知道 I don't know
知道 I know
去 go
写 write
用 use
来 come
进来 come in
大学 university
学院 college
现在 now, at present
不懂 not understand
游泳 swim
有用 useful
今 now
学习 study
教 teach
教授 teacher/professor
老师 teacher
爱 love
你 you (informal)
您 you (formal)
中国 China
天气 weather
多雨 rainy
有风 windy
多云 cloudy
冷 cold
热 hot
多雪 rainy
冰雹 hail
问候 Greetings 等等 et cetera
你好/吗 Hello/How are you?
你们好/吗 Hello (plural）/How are you all?
Random
清 Please
谢谢 Thank You
对不起 I'm sorry, pardon me, forgive me.
没关系 It doesn't matter
再见 goodbye
什么 what
为什么 why
你好吗 how are you?
好吧 fine
谁 who
哪儿 where
是/对 yes/correct
不 no
我会说一点儿汉语 I can speak a little Chinese
不知道 I don't know
知道 I know
去 go
写 write
用 use
来 come
进来 come in
大学 university
学院 college
现在 now, at present
不懂 not understand
游泳 swim
有用 useful
今 now
学习 study
教 teach
教授 teacher/professor
老师 teacher
爱 love
你 you (informal)
您 you (formal)
中国 China
天气 weather
多雨 rainy
有风 windy
多云 cloudy
冷 cold
热 hot
多雪 rainy
冰雹 hail
问候 Greetings 等等 et cetera
你好/吗 Hello/How are you?
你们好/吗 Hello (plural）/How are you all?
Monday, May 25, 2009
Sunday, May 24, 2009
任意词和字
今天，我看电影叫“南京。”这的电影是很有意思也很哀伤。
多多年前在中国的城市有中国的京叫南京城市和在南京时1937年它由日本攻击。多多的人做死和多多妇女也死和强奸。多多人设法帮助他们，可是他们不可以帮助和大约250，000个人死。它是很不好。我想某人可能帮助他们---时1937年。
多多年前在中国的城市有中国的京叫南京城市和在南京时1937年它由日本攻击。多多的人做死和多多妇女也死和强奸。多多人设法帮助他们，可是他们不可以帮助和大约250，000个人死。它是很不好。我想某人可能帮助他们---时1937年。
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